Title

Declarative memory was measured by means of a visual explicit sequence learning task (Kenanidis et al., 2024). In this task (Cronbach's alpha = 0.781), originally conceived as an explicit counterpart to Siegelman, Bogaerts, and Frost (2017), participants were exposed to a new set of 24 complex shapes organised in 8 triplets. Each triplet sequence was presented for 1000ms separated from the next by a fixation cross (250ms). Unlike the implicit version, participants were explicitly told to memorise the sequences and that they would be tested on how well they could remember them. Overall, the presentation consisted of 94 trials in 4 blocks of 16 pseudo-randomised trials in which each triplet was repeated twice. Blocks were separated by attention-check trials as described previously. Test trials were administered similarly to the previous task and included 32 items presented in a pseudo-randomised order (8 sequence triplets, 8 sequence pairs, and 16 corresponding foils). Declarative learning ability scores corresponded to the sum of correct trials (maximum score 32 points).

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Implicit statistical learning ability was measured by means of a visual implicit sequence learning task (Cronbach's alpha = 0.446) adapted from Siegelman, Bogaerts, and Frost (2017). All task instructions appeared on-screen in German. Participants were instructed to pay attention to a series of complex shapes appearing one after the other on-screen for 1000 ms, separated by a fixation cross (250 ms), and informed that they would be asked some questions about the individual shapes later on. No reference to the shape sequencing was made, nor to the existence of a specific order. Unbeknownst to the participants, the continuous stream of 24 different shapes consisted of 8 fixed sequences of three shapes (triplets), half characterised by high transitional probability (TP = 1) and half characterised by lower transitional probability (TP = .33). Overall, participants were exposed to 24 presentations of the 8 triplets in a pseudo-randomised order (192 presentations in total). To ensure they remained on task, the presentation was split in 12 blocks separated by attention checks requiring to react as quickly as possible by pressing the space bar. Not responding to any two attention checks within 10 s would result in exclusion from the experiment (no exclusions based on this criterion). Half-way through the task, participants were also invited to take a break of a few seconds if they felt tired. Immediately after exposure, participants were asked whether they had noticed any patterns in the order in which the shapes appeared, but none of them reported noticing any specific one. Participants were then informed that the order in which shapes were presented was not random and sequence knowledge was tested presenting full triplets and pairs of shapes in the same modality employed in the initial exposure (i.e., one individual shape after the other). After each presentation of a triplet or pair, participants indicated whether they thought it represented a pattern sequence by clicking yes/no options on-screen. There were 32 test trials (16 sequences, half triplets and half pairs, and the corresponding 16 foils, presented in a pseudo-randomised order). Implicit statistical learning scores corresponded to the sum of correct trials (maximum score 32 points).

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WM capacity was measured by a Backward Digit Span task (Massonnié et al., 2019). In this task participants are presented on-screen with a series of digit sequences of increasing length and asked to type the digits in the reversed order of display by clicking on an on-screen numeric pad. After two practice trials, each sequence was presented on-screen for 2 s following a fixation cross (750ms). The digit span ranged from 2 to 7 digits, and there were two trials for each sequence length. The task ended when participants made mistakes on both trials testing a given span length or for correct reproduction of at least one 7-digit sequence. The final score corresponded to the maximum span achieved.

Gorilla Open Materials Attribution-NonCommerical Research-Only